package toml import ( "bytes" "encoding/hex" "fmt" "time" "github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/ast" ) type parser struct { builder ast.Builder } func (p *parser) parse(b []byte) error { last, b, err := p.parseExpression(b) if err != nil { return err } for len(b) > 0 { b, err = p.parseNewline(b) if err != nil { return err } var next ast.Reference next, b, err = p.parseExpression(b) if err != nil { return err } if next.Valid() { p.builder.Chain(last, next) last = next } } return nil } func (p *parser) parseNewline(b []byte) ([]byte, error) { if b[0] == '\n' { return b[1:], nil } if b[0] == '\r' { _, rest, err := scanWindowsNewline(b) return rest, err } return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected newline but got %#U", b[0]) } func (p *parser) parseExpression(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { //expression = ws [ comment ] //expression =/ ws keyval ws [ comment ] //expression =/ ws table ws [ comment ] var ref ast.Reference b = p.parseWhitespace(b) if len(b) == 0 { return ref, b, nil } if b[0] == '#' { _, rest, err := scanComment(b) return ref, rest, err } if b[0] == '\n' || b[0] == '\r' { return ref, b, nil } var err error if b[0] == '[' { ref, b, err = p.parseTable(b) } else { ref, b, err = p.parseKeyval(b) } if err != nil { return ref, nil, err } b = p.parseWhitespace(b) if len(b) > 0 && b[0] == '#' { _, rest, err := scanComment(b) return ref, rest, err } return ref, b, nil } func (p *parser) parseTable(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { //table = std-table / array-table if len(b) > 1 && b[1] == '[' { return p.parseArrayTable(b) } return p.parseStdTable(b) } func (p *parser) parseArrayTable(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { //array-table = array-table-open key array-table-close //array-table-open = %x5B.5B ws ; [[ Double left square bracket //array-table-close = ws %x5D.5D ; ]] Double right square bracket ref := p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.ArrayTable, }) b = b[2:] b = p.parseWhitespace(b) k, b, err := p.parseKey(b) if err != nil { return ref, nil, err } p.builder.AttachChild(ref, k) b = p.parseWhitespace(b) b, err = expect(']', b) if err != nil { return ref, nil, err } b, err = expect(']', b) return ref, b, err } func (p *parser) parseStdTable(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { //std-table = std-table-open key std-table-close //std-table-open = %x5B ws ; [ Left square bracket //std-table-close = ws %x5D ; ] Right square bracket ref := p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Table, }) b = b[1:] b = p.parseWhitespace(b) key, b, err := p.parseKey(b) if err != nil { return ref, nil, err } p.builder.AttachChild(ref, key) b = p.parseWhitespace(b) b, err = expect(']', b) return ref, b, err } func (p *parser) parseKeyval(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { //keyval = key keyval-sep val ref := p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.KeyValue, }) key, b, err := p.parseKey(b) if err != nil { return ast.Reference{}, nil, err } //keyval-sep = ws %x3D ws ; = b = p.parseWhitespace(b) b, err = expect('=', b) if err != nil { return ast.Reference{}, nil, err } b = p.parseWhitespace(b) valRef, b, err := p.parseVal(b) if err != nil { return ref, b, err } p.builder.Chain(valRef, key) p.builder.AttachChild(ref, valRef) return ref, b, err } func (p *parser) parseVal(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { // val = string / boolean / array / inline-table / date-time / float / integer var ref ast.Reference if len(b) == 0 { return ref, nil, fmt.Errorf("expected value, not eof") } var err error c := b[0] switch c { case '"': var v []byte if scanFollowsMultilineBasicStringDelimiter(b) { v, b, err = p.parseMultilineBasicString(b) } else { v, b, err = p.parseBasicString(b) } if err == nil { ref = p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.String, Data: v, }) } return ref, b, err case '\'': var v []byte if scanFollowsMultilineLiteralStringDelimiter(b) { v, b, err = p.parseMultilineLiteralString(b) } else { v, b, err = p.parseLiteralString(b) } if err == nil { ref = p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.String, Data: v, }) } return ref, b, err case 't': if !scanFollowsTrue(b) { return ref, nil, fmt.Errorf("expected 'true'") } ref = p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Bool, Data: b[:4], }) return ref, b[4:], nil case 'f': if !scanFollowsFalse(b) { return ast.Reference{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("expected 'false'") } ref = p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Bool, Data: b[:5], }) return ref, b[5:], nil case '[': return p.parseValArray(b) case '{': return p.parseInlineTable(b) default: return p.parseIntOrFloatOrDateTime(b) } } func (p *parser) parseLiteralString(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, error) { v, rest, err := scanLiteralString(b) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } return v[1 : len(v)-1], rest, nil } func (p *parser) parseInlineTable(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { //inline-table = inline-table-open [ inline-table-keyvals ] inline-table-close //inline-table-open = %x7B ws ; { //inline-table-close = ws %x7D ; } //inline-table-sep = ws %x2C ws ; , Comma //inline-table-keyvals = keyval [ inline-table-sep inline-table-keyvals ] parent := p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.InlineTable, }) first := true var child ast.Reference b = b[1:] var err error for len(b) > 0 { b = p.parseWhitespace(b) if b[0] == '}' { break } if !first { b, err = expect(',', b) if err != nil { return parent, nil, err } b = p.parseWhitespace(b) } var kv ast.Reference kv, b, err = p.parseKeyval(b) if err != nil { return parent, nil, err } if first { p.builder.AttachChild(parent, kv) first = false } else { p.builder.Chain(child, kv) } child = kv first = false } rest, err := expect('}', b) return parent, rest, err } func (p *parser) parseValArray(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { //array = array-open [ array-values ] ws-comment-newline array-close //array-open = %x5B ; [ //array-close = %x5D ; ] //array-values = ws-comment-newline val ws-comment-newline array-sep array-values //array-values =/ ws-comment-newline val ws-comment-newline [ array-sep ] //array-sep = %x2C ; , Comma //ws-comment-newline = *( wschar / [ comment ] newline ) b = b[1:] parent := p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Array, }) first := true var lastChild ast.Reference var err error for len(b) > 0 { b, err = p.parseOptionalWhitespaceCommentNewline(b) if err != nil { return parent, nil, err } if len(b) == 0 { return parent, nil, unexpectedCharacter{b: b} } if b[0] == ']' { break } if b[0] == ',' { if first { return parent, nil, fmt.Errorf("array cannot start with comma") } b = b[1:] b, err = p.parseOptionalWhitespaceCommentNewline(b) if err != nil { return parent, nil, err } } var valueRef ast.Reference valueRef, b, err = p.parseVal(b) if err != nil { return parent, nil, err } if first { p.builder.AttachChild(parent, valueRef) first = false } else { p.builder.Chain(lastChild, valueRef) } lastChild = valueRef b, err = p.parseOptionalWhitespaceCommentNewline(b) if err != nil { return parent, nil, err } first = false } rest, err := expect(']', b) return parent, rest, err } func (p *parser) parseOptionalWhitespaceCommentNewline(b []byte) ([]byte, error) { var err error b = p.parseWhitespace(b) if len(b) > 0 && b[0] == '#' { _, b, err = scanComment(b) if err != nil { return nil, err } } if len(b) > 0 && (b[0] == '\n' || b[0] == '\r') { b, err = p.parseNewline(b) if err != nil { return nil, err } } return b, nil } func (p *parser) parseMultilineLiteralString(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, error) { token, rest, err := scanMultilineLiteralString(b) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } i := 3 // skip the immediate new line if token[i] == '\n' { i++ } else if token[i] == '\r' && token[i+1] == '\n' { i += 2 } return token[i : len(b)-3], rest, err } func (p *parser) parseMultilineBasicString(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, error) { //ml-basic-string = ml-basic-string-delim [ newline ] ml-basic-body //ml-basic-string-delim //ml-basic-string-delim = 3quotation-mark //ml-basic-body = *mlb-content *( mlb-quotes 1*mlb-content ) [ mlb-quotes ] // //mlb-content = mlb-char / newline / mlb-escaped-nl //mlb-char = mlb-unescaped / escaped //mlb-quotes = 1*2quotation-mark //mlb-unescaped = wschar / %x21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / non-ascii //mlb-escaped-nl = escape ws newline *( wschar / newline ) token, rest, err := scanMultilineBasicString(b) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } var builder bytes.Buffer i := 3 // skip the immediate new line if token[i] == '\n' { i++ } else if token[i] == '\r' && token[i+1] == '\n' { i += 2 } // The scanner ensures that the token starts and ends with quotes and that // escapes are balanced. for ; i < len(token)-3; i++ { c := token[i] if c == '\\' { // When the last non-whitespace character on a line is an unescaped \, // it will be trimmed along with all whitespace (including newlines) up // to the next non-whitespace character or closing delimiter. if token[i+1] == '\n' || (token[i+1] == '\r' && token[i+2] == '\n') { i++ // skip the \ for ; i < len(token)-3; i++ { c := token[i] if !(c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == ' ' || c == '\t') { break } } continue } // handle escaping i++ c = token[i] switch c { case '"', '\\': builder.WriteByte(c) case 'b': builder.WriteByte('\b') case 'f': builder.WriteByte('\f') case 'n': builder.WriteByte('\n') case 'r': builder.WriteByte('\r') case 't': builder.WriteByte('\t') case 'u': x, err := hexToString(token[i+3:len(token)-3], 4) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } builder.WriteString(x) i += 4 case 'U': x, err := hexToString(token[i+3:len(token)-3], 8) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } builder.WriteString(x) i += 8 default: return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid escaped character: %#U", c) } } else { builder.WriteByte(c) } } return builder.Bytes(), rest, nil } func (p *parser) parseKey(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { //key = simple-key / dotted-key //simple-key = quoted-key / unquoted-key // //unquoted-key = 1*( ALPHA / DIGIT / %x2D / %x5F ) ; A-Z / a-z / 0-9 / - / _ //quoted-key = basic-string / literal-string //dotted-key = simple-key 1*( dot-sep simple-key ) // //dot-sep = ws %x2E ws ; . Period key, b, err := p.parseSimpleKey(b) if err != nil { return ast.Reference{}, nil, err } ref := p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Key, Data: key, }) for { b = p.parseWhitespace(b) if len(b) > 0 && b[0] == '.' { b, err = expect('.', b) if err != nil { return ref, nil, err } b = p.parseWhitespace(b) key, b, err = p.parseSimpleKey(b) if err != nil { return ref, nil, err } p.builder.PushAndChain(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Key, Data: key, }) } else { break } } return ref, b, nil } func (p *parser) parseSimpleKey(b []byte) (key, rest []byte, err error) { //simple-key = quoted-key / unquoted-key //unquoted-key = 1*( ALPHA / DIGIT / %x2D / %x5F ) ; A-Z / a-z / 0-9 / - / _ //quoted-key = basic-string / literal-string if len(b) == 0 { return nil, nil, unexpectedCharacter{b: b} } if b[0] == '\'' { key, rest, err = scanLiteralString(b) } else if b[0] == '"' { key, rest, err = p.parseBasicString(b) } else if isUnquotedKeyChar(b[0]) { key, rest, err = scanUnquotedKey(b) } else { err = unexpectedCharacter{b: b} } return } func (p *parser) parseBasicString(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, error) { //basic-string = quotation-mark *basic-char quotation-mark //quotation-mark = %x22 ; " //basic-char = basic-unescaped / escaped //basic-unescaped = wschar / %x21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / non-ascii //escaped = escape escape-seq-char //escape-seq-char = %x22 ; " quotation mark U+0022 //escape-seq-char =/ %x5C ; \ reverse solidus U+005C //escape-seq-char =/ %x62 ; b backspace U+0008 //escape-seq-char =/ %x66 ; f form feed U+000C //escape-seq-char =/ %x6E ; n line feed U+000A //escape-seq-char =/ %x72 ; r carriage return U+000D //escape-seq-char =/ %x74 ; t tab U+0009 //escape-seq-char =/ %x75 4HEXDIG ; uXXXX U+XXXX //escape-seq-char =/ %x55 8HEXDIG ; UXXXXXXXX U+XXXXXXXX token, rest, err := scanBasicString(b) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } var builder bytes.Buffer // The scanner ensures that the token starts and ends with quotes and that // escapes are balanced. for i := 1; i < len(token)-1; i++ { c := token[i] if c == '\\' { i++ c = token[i] switch c { case '"', '\\': builder.WriteByte(c) case 'b': builder.WriteByte('\b') case 'f': builder.WriteByte('\f') case 'n': builder.WriteByte('\n') case 'r': builder.WriteByte('\r') case 't': builder.WriteByte('\t') case 'u': x, err := hexToString(token[i+1:len(token)-1], 4) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } builder.WriteString(x) i += 4 case 'U': x, err := hexToString(token[i+1:len(token)-1], 8) if err != nil { return nil, nil, err } builder.WriteString(x) i += 8 default: return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid escaped character: %#U", c) } } else { builder.WriteByte(c) } } return builder.Bytes(), rest, nil } func hexToString(b []byte, length int) (string, error) { if len(b) < length { return "", fmt.Errorf("unicode point needs %d hex characters", length) } // TODO: slow b, err := hex.DecodeString(string(b[:length])) if err != nil { return "", err } return string(b), nil } func (p *parser) parseWhitespace(b []byte) []byte { //ws = *wschar //wschar = %x20 ; Space //wschar =/ %x09 ; Horizontal tab _, rest := scanWhitespace(b) return rest } func (p *parser) parseIntOrFloatOrDateTime(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { switch b[0] { case 'i': if !scanFollowsInf(b) { return ast.Reference{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("expected 'inf'") } return p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Float, Data: b[:3], }), b[3:], nil case 'n': if !scanFollowsNan(b) { return ast.Reference{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("expected 'nan'") } return p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Float, Data: b[:3], }), b[3:], nil case '+', '-': return p.scanIntOrFloat(b) } if len(b) < 3 { return p.scanIntOrFloat(b) } s := 5 if len(b) < s { s = len(b) } for idx, c := range b[:s] { if isDigit(c) { continue } if idx == 2 && c == ':' || (idx == 4 && c == '-') { return p.scanDateTime(b) } } return p.scanIntOrFloat(b) } func digitsToInt(b []byte) int { x := 0 for _, d := range b { x *= 10 x += int(d - '0') } return x } func (p *parser) scanDateTime(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { // scans for contiguous characters in [0-9T:Z.+-], and up to one space if // followed by a digit. hasTime := false hasTz := false seenSpace := false i := 0 for ; i < len(b); i++ { c := b[i] if isDigit(c) || c == '-' { } else if c == 'T' || c == ':' || c == '.' { hasTime = true continue } else if c == '+' || c == '-' || c == 'Z' { hasTz = true } else if c == ' ' { if !seenSpace && i+1 < len(b) && isDigit(b[i+1]) { i += 2 seenSpace = true hasTime = true } else { break } } else { break } } var kind ast.Kind if hasTime { if hasTz { kind = ast.DateTime } else { kind = ast.LocalDateTime } } else { if hasTz { return ast.Reference{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("possible DateTime cannot have a timezone but no time component") } kind = ast.LocalDate } return p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: kind, Data: b[:i], }), b[i:], nil } func (p *parser) parseDateTime(b []byte) ([]byte, error) { // we know the first 2 are digits. if b[2] == ':' { return p.parseTime(b) } // This state accepts an offset date-time, a local date-time, or a local date. // // 1979-05-27T07:32:00Z // 1979-05-27T00:32:00-07:00 // 1979-05-27T00:32:00.999999-07:00 // 1979-05-27 07:32:00Z // 1979-05-27 00:32:00-07:00 // 1979-05-27 00:32:00.999999-07:00 // 1979-05-27T07:32:00 // 1979-05-27T00:32:00.999999 // 1979-05-27 07:32:00 // 1979-05-27 00:32:00.999999 // 1979-05-27 // date idx := 4 localDate := LocalDate{ Year: digitsToInt(b[:idx]), } for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { // month idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid month digit in date: %c", b[idx]) } localDate.Month *= 10 localDate.Month += time.Month(b[idx] - '0') } idx++ if b[idx] != '-' { return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected - to separate month of a date, not %c", b[idx]) } for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { // day idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid day digit in date: %c", b[idx]) } localDate.Day *= 10 localDate.Day += int(b[idx] - '0') } idx++ if idx >= len(b) { //p.builder.LocalDateValue(localDate) // TODO return nil, nil } else if b[idx] != ' ' && b[idx] != 'T' { //p.builder.LocalDateValue(localDate) // TODO return b[idx:], nil } // check if there is a chance there is anything useful after if b[idx] == ' ' && (((idx + 2) >= len(b)) || !isDigit(b[idx+1]) || !isDigit(b[idx+2])) { //p.builder.LocalDateValue(localDate) // TODO return b[idx:], nil } //idx++ // skip the T or ' ' // time localTime := LocalTime{} for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid hour digit in time: %c", b[idx]) } localTime.Hour *= 10 localTime.Hour += int(b[idx] - '0') } idx++ if b[idx] != ':' { return nil, fmt.Errorf("time hour/minute separator should be :, not %c", b[idx]) } for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid minute digit in time: %c", b[idx]) } localTime.Minute *= 10 localTime.Minute += int(b[idx] - '0') } idx++ if b[idx] != ':' { return nil, fmt.Errorf("time minute/second separator should be :, not %c", b[idx]) } for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid second digit in time: %c", b[idx]) } localTime.Second *= 10 localTime.Second += int(b[idx] - '0') } idx++ if idx < len(b) && b[idx] == '.' { idx++ idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected at least one digit in time's fraction, not %c", b[idx]) } for { localTime.Nanosecond *= 10 localTime.Nanosecond += int(b[idx] - '0') idx++ if idx < len(b) { break } if !isDigit(b[idx]) { break } } } if idx >= len(b) || (b[idx] != 'Z' && b[idx] != '+' && b[idx] != '-') { dt := LocalDateTime{ Date: localDate, Time: localTime, } //p.builder.LocalDateTimeValue(dt) // TODO dt = dt return b[idx:], nil } loc := time.UTC if b[idx] == 'Z' { idx++ } else { start := idx sign := 1 if b[idx] == '-' { sign = -1 } hours := 0 for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid hour digit in time offset: %c", b[idx]) } hours *= 10 hours += int(b[idx] - '0') } offset := hours * 60 * 60 idx++ if b[idx] != ':' { return nil, fmt.Errorf("time offset hour/minute separator should be :, not %c", b[idx]) } minutes := 0 for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid minute digit in time offset: %c", b[idx]) } minutes *= 10 minutes += int(b[idx] - '0') } offset += minutes * 60 offset *= sign idx++ loc = time.FixedZone(string(b[start:idx]), offset) } dt := time.Date(localDate.Year, localDate.Month, localDate.Day, localTime.Hour, localTime.Minute, localTime.Second, localTime.Nanosecond, loc) //p.builder.DateTimeValue(dt) // TODO dt = dt return b[idx:], nil } func (p *parser) parseTime(b []byte) ([]byte, error) { localTime := LocalTime{} idx := 0 for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid hour digit in time: %c", b[idx]) } localTime.Hour *= 10 localTime.Hour += int(b[idx] - '0') } idx++ if b[idx] != ':' { return nil, fmt.Errorf("time hour/minute separator should be :, not %c", b[idx]) } for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid minute digit in time: %c", b[idx]) } localTime.Minute *= 10 localTime.Minute += int(b[idx] - '0') } idx++ if b[idx] != ':' { return nil, fmt.Errorf("time minute/second separator should be :, not %c", b[idx]) } for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid second digit in time: %c", b[idx]) } localTime.Second *= 10 localTime.Second += int(b[idx] - '0') } idx++ if idx < len(b) && b[idx] == '.' { idx++ idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected at least one digit in time's fraction, not %c", b[idx]) } for { localTime.Nanosecond *= 10 localTime.Nanosecond += int(b[idx] - '0') idx++ if !isDigit(b[idx]) { break } } } //p.builder.LocalTimeValue(localTime) // TODO return b[idx:], nil } func (p *parser) scanIntOrFloat(b []byte) (ast.Reference, []byte, error) { i := 0 if len(b) > 2 && b[0] == '0' { var isValidRune validRuneFn switch b[1] { case 'x': isValidRune = isValidHexRune case 'o': isValidRune = isValidOctalRune case 'b': isValidRune = isValidBinaryRune default: i++ } if isValidRune != nil { i += 2 for ; i < len(b); i++ { if !isValidRune(b[i]) { break } } } return p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Integer, Data: b[:i], }), b[i:], nil } isFloat := false for ; i < len(b); i++ { c := b[i] if c >= '0' && c <= '9' || c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '_' { continue } if c == '.' || c == 'e' || c == 'E' { isFloat = true continue } if c == 'i' { if scanFollowsInf(b[i:]) { return p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Float, Data: b[:i+3], }), b[i+3:], nil } return ast.Reference{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected character i while scanning for a number") } if c == 'n' { if scanFollowsNan(b[i:]) { return p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: ast.Float, Data: b[:i+3], }), b[i+3:], nil } return ast.Reference{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected character n while scanning for a number") } break } kind := ast.Integer if isFloat { kind = ast.Float } return p.builder.Push(ast.Node{ Kind: kind, Data: b[:i], }), b[i:], nil } func isDigit(r byte) bool { return r >= '0' && r <= '9' } type validRuneFn func(r byte) bool func isValidHexRune(r byte) bool { return r >= 'a' && r <= 'f' || r >= 'A' && r <= 'F' || r >= '0' && r <= '9' || r == '_' } func isValidOctalRune(r byte) bool { return r >= '0' && r <= '7' || r == '_' } func isValidBinaryRune(r byte) bool { return r == '0' || r == '1' || r == '_' } func expect(x byte, b []byte) ([]byte, error) { if len(b) == 0 || b[0] != x { return nil, unexpectedCharacter{r: x, b: b} } return b[1:], nil } type unexpectedCharacter struct { r byte b []byte } func (u unexpectedCharacter) Error() string { if len(u.b) == 0 { return fmt.Sprintf("expected %#U, not EOF", u.r) } return fmt.Sprintf("expected %#U, not %#U", u.r, u.b[0]) }