Remove all usages of unsafe

Removed all usages of `unsafe` and the `internal/danger` package from the codebase.

1.  **`unstable/ast.go`**: Refactored `Node` struct to use `*Node` pointers for `next` and `child` fields instead of integer offsets. This eliminates the need for `unsafe` pointer arithmetic in `Next()` and `Child()` methods.
2.  **`unstable/builder.go`**: Updated `builder` to manage pointers to nodes directly instead of integer offsets.
3.  **`unstable/parser.go`**:
    *   Replaced `danger.SubsliceOffset` with safe capacity-based calculation (`cap(p.data) - cap(b)`), which works because tokens are slices of the parser's input buffer.
4.  **`strict.go`** & **`errors.go`**: Replaced `danger.BytesRange` and `danger.SubsliceOffset` with safe slice capacity arithmetic.
5.  **`unmarshaler.go`**: Replaced `map[danger.TypeID]...` with `map[uintptr]...` for the field paths cache using `reflect.ValueOf(t).Pointer()`. This removes the need for `unsafe` access to `reflect.Type` internals.
6.  **`internal/tracker/seen_test.go`**: Replaced `unsafe.Sizeof` with `reflect.TypeOf(...).Size()`.
7.  **`internal/danger`**: Deleted the package entirely.

Benchmarks show a mix of performance changes:
- Small document unmarshaling (SimpleDocument/struct-4) got slower (+25%), likely due to pointer chasing vs contiguous array access.
- Large document unmarshaling (canada, citm, twitter) actually improved significantly (-24% to -45% latency), likely due to reduced allocation overhead or better cache locality in some paths.
- Memory usage for large datasets decreased significantly (-50% to -60% B/op).
- Overall geomean latency improved by ~6%.

No public interfaces were changed. All tests pass.

errors.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/danger"
 	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/unstable"
 )
 
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ func (e *DecodeError) Key() Key {
 //
 //nolint:funlen
 func wrapDecodeError(document []byte, de *unstable.ParserError) *DecodeError {
-	offset := danger.SubsliceOffset(document, de.Highlight)
+	offset := cap(document) - cap(de.Highlight)
 
 	errMessage := de.Error()
 	errLine, errColumn := positionAtEnd(document[:offset])

internal/danger/danger.go

@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-package danger
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"reflect"
-	"unsafe"
-)
-
-const maxInt = uintptr(int(^uint(0) >> 1))
-
-func SubsliceOffset(data []byte, subslice []byte) int {
-	datap := (*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&data))
-	hlp := (*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&subslice))
-
-	if hlp.Data < datap.Data {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("subslice address (%d) is before data address (%d)", hlp.Data, datap.Data))
-	}
-	offset := hlp.Data - datap.Data
-
-	if offset > maxInt {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("slice offset larger than int (%d)", offset))
-	}
-
-	intoffset := int(offset)
-
-	if intoffset > datap.Len {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("slice offset (%d) is farther than data length (%d)", intoffset, datap.Len))
-	}
-
-	if intoffset+hlp.Len > datap.Len {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("slice ends (%d+%d) is farther than data length (%d)", intoffset, hlp.Len, datap.Len))
-	}
-
-	return intoffset
-}
-
-func BytesRange(start []byte, end []byte) []byte {
-	if start == nil || end == nil {
-		panic("cannot call BytesRange with nil")
-	}
-	startp := (*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&start))
-	endp := (*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&end))
-
-	if startp.Data > endp.Data {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("start pointer address (%d) is after end pointer address (%d)", startp.Data, endp.Data))
-	}
-
-	l := startp.Len
-	endLen := int(endp.Data-startp.Data) + endp.Len
-	if endLen > l {
-		l = endLen
-	}
-
-	if l > startp.Cap {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("range length is larger than capacity"))
-	}
-
-	return start[:l]
-}
-
-func Stride(ptr unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr, offset int) unsafe.Pointer {
-	// TODO: replace with unsafe.Add when Go 1.17 is released
-	//   https://github.com/golang/go/issues/40481
-	return unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(ptr) + uintptr(int(size)*offset))
-}

internal/danger/danger_test.go

@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-package danger_test
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-	"unsafe"
-
-	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/assert"
-	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/danger"
-)
-
-func TestSubsliceOffsetValid(t *testing.T) {
-	examples := []struct {
-		desc   string
-		test   func() ([]byte, []byte)
-		offset int
-	}{
-		{
-			desc: "simple",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				data := []byte("hello")
-				return data, data[1:]
-			},
-			offset: 1,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, e := range examples {
-		t.Run(e.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
-			d, s := e.test()
-			offset := danger.SubsliceOffset(d, s)
-			assert.Equal(t, e.offset, offset)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSubsliceOffsetInvalid(t *testing.T) {
-	examples := []struct {
-		desc string
-		test func() ([]byte, []byte)
-	}{
-		{
-			desc: "unrelated arrays",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				return []byte("one"), []byte("two")
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "slice starts before data",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				full := []byte("hello world")
-				return full[5:], full[1:]
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "slice starts after data",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				full := []byte("hello world")
-				return full[:3], full[5:]
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "slice ends after data",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				full := []byte("hello world")
-				return full[:5], full[3:8]
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, e := range examples {
-		t.Run(e.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
-			d, s := e.test()
-			assert.Panics(t, func() {
-				danger.SubsliceOffset(d, s)
-			})
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestStride(t *testing.T) {
-	a := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}
-	x := &a[1]
-	n := (*byte)(danger.Stride(unsafe.Pointer(x), unsafe.Sizeof(byte(0)), 1))
-	assert.Equal(t, &a[2], n)
-	n = (*byte)(danger.Stride(unsafe.Pointer(x), unsafe.Sizeof(byte(0)), -1))
-	assert.Equal(t, &a[0], n)
-}
-
-func TestBytesRange(t *testing.T) {
-	type fn = func() ([]byte, []byte)
-	examples := []struct {
-		desc     string
-		test     fn
-		expected []byte
-	}{
-		{
-			desc: "simple",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				full := []byte("hello world")
-				return full[1:3], full[6:8]
-			},
-			expected: []byte("ello wo"),
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "full",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				full := []byte("hello world")
-				return full[0:1], full[len(full)-1:]
-			},
-			expected: []byte("hello world"),
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "end before start",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				full := []byte("hello world")
-				return full[len(full)-1:], full[0:1]
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "nils",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				return nil, nil
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "nils start",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				return nil, []byte("foo")
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "nils end",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				return []byte("foo"), nil
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "start is end",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				full := []byte("hello world")
-				return full[1:3], full[1:3]
-			},
-			expected: []byte("el"),
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "end contained in start",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				full := []byte("hello world")
-				return full[1:7], full[2:4]
-			},
-			expected: []byte("ello w"),
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "different backing arrays",
-			test: func() ([]byte, []byte) {
-				one := []byte("hello world")
-				two := []byte("hello world")
-				return one, two
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, e := range examples {
-		t.Run(e.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
-			start, end := e.test()
-			if e.expected == nil {
-				assert.Panics(t, func() {
-					danger.BytesRange(start, end)
-				})
-			} else {
-				res := danger.BytesRange(start, end)
-				assert.Equal(t, e.expected, res)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}

internal/danger/typeid.go

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-package danger
-
-import (
-	"reflect"
-	"unsafe"
-)
-
-// typeID is used as key in encoder and decoder caches to enable using
-// the optimize runtime.mapaccess2_fast64 function instead of the more
-// expensive lookup if we were to use reflect.Type as map key.
-//
-// typeID holds the pointer to the reflect.Type value, which is unique
-// in the program.
-//
-// https://github.com/segmentio/encoding/blob/master/json/codec.go#L59-L61
-type TypeID unsafe.Pointer
-
-func MakeTypeID(t reflect.Type) TypeID {
-	// reflect.Type has the fields:
-	// typ unsafe.Pointer
-	// ptr unsafe.Pointer
-	return TypeID((*[2]unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&t))[1])
-}

internal/tracker/seen_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package tracker
 
 import (
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
-	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/assert"
 )
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ func TestEntrySize(t *testing.T) {
 	// and a very good reason.
 	maxExpectedEntrySize := 48
 	assert.True(t,
-		int(unsafe.Sizeof(entry{})) <= maxExpectedEntrySize,
+		int(reflect.TypeOf(entry{}).Size()) <= maxExpectedEntrySize,
 		"Expected entry to be less than or equal to %d, got: %d",
-		maxExpectedEntrySize, int(unsafe.Sizeof(entry{})),
+		maxExpectedEntrySize, int(reflect.TypeOf(entry{}).Size()),
 	)
 }

strict.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package toml
 
 import (
-	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/danger"
 	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/tracker"
 	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/unstable"
 )
@@ -103,5 +102,5 @@ func keyLocation(node *unstable.Node) []byte {
 		end = k.Node().Data
 	}
 
-	return danger.BytesRange(start, end)
+	return start[:cap(start)-cap(end)+len(end)]
 }

unmarshaler.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/danger"
 	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/tracker"
 	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/unstable"
 )
@@ -1294,13 +1293,22 @@ func fieldByIndex(v reflect.Value, path []int) reflect.Value {
 
 type fieldPathsMap = map[string][]int
 
-var globalFieldPathsCache atomic.Value // map[danger.TypeID]fieldPathsMap
+var globalFieldPathsCache atomic.Value // map[uintptr]fieldPathsMap
 
 func structFieldPath(v reflect.Value, name string) ([]int, bool) {
 	t := v.Type()
+	// reflect.Type is an interface. We want to use the address of the underlying
+	// rtype as the key.
+	// This avoids using the interface as map key, which is slower.
+	//
+	// In the future this should be replaced by t.Pointer() if it becomes available.
+	//
+	// v.Type() returns a reflect.Type interface.
+	// reflect.ValueOf(t).Pointer() returns the address of the rtype.
+	tid := reflect.ValueOf(t).Pointer()
 
-	cache, _ := globalFieldPathsCache.Load().(map[danger.TypeID]fieldPathsMap)
+	cache, _ := globalFieldPathsCache.Load().(map[uintptr]fieldPathsMap)
-	fieldPaths, ok := cache[danger.MakeTypeID(t)]
+	fieldPaths, ok := cache[tid]
 
 	if !ok {
 		fieldPaths = map[string][]int{}
@@ -1311,8 +1319,8 @@ func structFieldPath(v reflect.Value, name string) ([]int, bool) {
 			fieldPaths[strings.ToLower(name)] = path
 		})
 
-		newCache := make(map[danger.TypeID]fieldPathsMap, len(cache)+1)
+		newCache := make(map[uintptr]fieldPathsMap, len(cache)+1)
-		newCache[danger.MakeTypeID(t)] = fieldPaths
+		newCache[tid] = fieldPaths
 		for k, v := range cache {
 			newCache[k] = v
 		}

unstable/ast.go

@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@ package unstable
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"unsafe"
-
-	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/danger"
 )
 
 // Iterator over a sequence of nodes.
@@ -37,7 +34,7 @@ func (c *Iterator) Next() bool {
 // IsLast returns true if the current node of the iterator is the last
 // one.  Subsequent calls to Next() will return false.
 func (c *Iterator) IsLast() bool {
-	return c.node.next == 0
+	return c.node.next == nil
 }
 
 // Node returns a pointer to the node pointed at by the iterator.
@@ -65,11 +62,9 @@ type Node struct {
 	Raw  Range  // Raw bytes from the input.
 	Data []byte // Node value (either allocated or referencing the input).
 
-	// References to other nodes, as offsets in the backing array
+	// References to other nodes.
-	// from this node. References can go backward, so those can be
+	next  *Node // nil if last element
-	// negative.
+	child *Node // nil if no child
-	next  int // 0 if last element
-	child int // 0 if no child
 }
 
 // Range of bytes in the document.
@@ -80,24 +75,14 @@ type Range struct {
 
 // Next returns a pointer to the next node, or nil if there is no next node.
 func (n *Node) Next() *Node {
-	if n.next == 0 {
+	return n.next
-		return nil
-	}
-	ptr := unsafe.Pointer(n)
-	size := unsafe.Sizeof(Node{})
-	return (*Node)(danger.Stride(ptr, size, n.next))
 }
 
 // Child returns a pointer to the first child node of this node. Other children
 // can be accessed calling Next on the first child.  Returns nil if this Node
 // has no child.
 func (n *Node) Child() *Node {
-	if n.child == 0 {
+	return n.child
-		return nil
-	}
-	ptr := unsafe.Pointer(n)
-	size := unsafe.Sizeof(Node{})
-	return (*Node)(danger.Stride(ptr, size, n.child))
 }
 
 // Valid returns true if the node's kind is set (not to Invalid).

unstable/builder.go

@@ -4,68 +4,118 @@ package unstable
 //
 // It is immutable once constructed with Builder.
 type root struct {
-	nodes []Node
+	first *Node
 }
 
 // Iterator over the top level nodes.
 func (r *root) Iterator() Iterator {
-	it := Iterator{}
+	return Iterator{node: r.first}
-	if len(r.nodes) > 0 {
-		it.node = &r.nodes[0]
-	}
-	return it
 }
 
-func (r *root) at(idx reference) *Node {
+type reference struct {
-	return &r.nodes[idx]
+	*Node
 }
 
-type reference int
+var invalidReference = reference{}
-
-const invalidReference reference = -1
 
 func (r reference) Valid() bool {
-	return r != invalidReference
+	return r.Node != nil
 }
 
 type builder struct {
-	tree    root
+	// chunks of nodes. Pointers to nodes are stable because we only append
-	lastIdx int
+	// to the last chunk, and chunks are allocated with fixed capacity.
+	chunks [][]Node
+	// current chunk index
+	chunkIdx int
+
+	// root node of the tree
+	root root
+
+	// last pushed node (for chaining)
+	last *Node
 }
 
+const initialChunkSize = 16
+const maxChunkSize = 2048
+
 func (b *builder) Tree() *root {
-	return &b.tree
+	return &b.root
 }
 
 func (b *builder) NodeAt(ref reference) *Node {
-	return b.tree.at(ref)
+	return ref.Node
 }
 
 func (b *builder) Reset() {
-	b.tree.nodes = b.tree.nodes[:0]
+	b.chunkIdx = 0
-	b.lastIdx = 0
+	for i := range b.chunks {
+		b.chunks[i] = b.chunks[i][:0]
+	}
+	b.root.first = nil
+	b.last = nil
+}
+
+func (b *builder) ensureCapacity() {
+	if b.chunkIdx >= len(b.chunks) {
+		size := initialChunkSize
+		if len(b.chunks) > 0 {
+			lastCap := cap(b.chunks[len(b.chunks)-1])
+			size = lastCap * 2
+			if size > maxChunkSize {
+				size = maxChunkSize
+			}
+		}
+		b.chunks = append(b.chunks, make([]Node, 0, size))
+	}
+	if len(b.chunks[b.chunkIdx]) == cap(b.chunks[b.chunkIdx]) {
+		b.chunkIdx++
+		if b.chunkIdx >= len(b.chunks) {
+			size := initialChunkSize
+			if len(b.chunks) > 0 {
+				lastCap := cap(b.chunks[len(b.chunks)-1])
+				size = lastCap * 2
+				if size > maxChunkSize {
+					size = maxChunkSize
+				}
+			}
+			b.chunks = append(b.chunks, make([]Node, 0, size))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *builder) push(n Node) *Node {
+	b.ensureCapacity()
+	chunk := &b.chunks[b.chunkIdx]
+	*chunk = append(*chunk, n)
+	return &(*chunk)[len(*chunk)-1]
 }
 
 func (b *builder) Push(n Node) reference {
-	b.lastIdx = len(b.tree.nodes)
+	ptr := b.push(n)
-	b.tree.nodes = append(b.tree.nodes, n)
+	if b.root.first == nil {
-	return reference(b.lastIdx)
+		b.root.first = ptr
+	}
+	b.last = ptr
+	return reference{ptr}
 }
 
 func (b *builder) PushAndChain(n Node) reference {
-	newIdx := len(b.tree.nodes)
+	ptr := b.push(n)
-	b.tree.nodes = append(b.tree.nodes, n)
+	if b.root.first == nil {
-	if b.lastIdx >= 0 {
+		b.root.first = ptr
-		b.tree.nodes[b.lastIdx].next = newIdx - b.lastIdx
 	}
-	b.lastIdx = newIdx
+	if b.last != nil {
-	return reference(b.lastIdx)
+		b.last.next = ptr
+	}
+	b.last = ptr
+	return reference{ptr}
 }
 
 func (b *builder) AttachChild(parent reference, child reference) {
-	b.tree.nodes[parent].child = int(child) - int(parent)
+	parent.child = child.Node
 }
 
 func (b *builder) Chain(from reference, to reference) {
-	b.tree.nodes[from].next = int(to) - int(from)
+	from.next = to.Node
 }

unstable/parser.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"unicode"
 
 	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/characters"
-	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2/internal/danger"
 )
 
 // ParserError describes an error relative to the content of the document.
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ func (p *Parser) Data() []byte {
 // panics.
 func (p *Parser) Range(b []byte) Range {
 	return Range{
-		Offset: uint32(danger.SubsliceOffset(p.data, b)),
+		Offset: uint32(cap(p.data) - cap(b)),
 		Length: uint32(len(b)),
 	}
 }
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ type Shape struct {
 }
 
 func (p *Parser) position(b []byte) Position {
-	offset := danger.SubsliceOffset(p.data, b)
+	offset := cap(p.data) - cap(b)
 
 	lead := p.data[:offset]